InterAqua 2012 第3回国際水ソリューション総合展

基調講演　「日本の水処理Ｒ&Ｄ国家プロジェクト」

栗原　優　APDA会長

本講演では日本政府が出資している水環境に関わるプロジェクトの概要について説明する。

1. 経済産業省/新エネルギー・産業技術総合開発機構
   － 節水リサイクルシステム（革新的な膜技術、省エネ型MBR）－ ケース１
   － 海水淡水化及び下水再利用統合システム – ケース２
   
2. 国土交通省
   － MBRの応用
3. 内閣府/最先端研究開発支援プログラム
   － メガトンウォーターシステム – ケース３
4. 科学技術振興機構/戦略的創造研究推進事業
   － 革新的技術及び水の再利用のための持続可能なシステム構築

ケース1: 塩素耐性膜
ケース2: 下水再利用による海水淡水化のエネルギー40%超削減
ケース3: 100万トン規模のSWROプラント、及び資源再生産型下水統合膜処理システム

「革新膜技術：ＦＯにおける最新開発状況」

アンソニー・Ｇ・フェーン教授　ナンヤン技術大学（シンガポール）

The concept of Forward Osmosis (FO) has received renewed interest in recent years. The motivation is the promise of energy benefits, either as a low energy separation process or as a means for energy recovery or production.
This presentation discusses recent developments in FO, with emphasis on the work at the SMTC. One vital development has been the preparation of FO membranes with optimal structure for improved performance. Membranes with effective separation properties as well as a thin porous support are required. SMTC membranes in both hollow fibre and flat sheet format have been prepared with superior performance. Another key requirement is a suitable draw solute, either 'regenerable' or available as a resource. The current trends will be described. Potential applications of FO in the water industry range from desalination, dewatering/preconcentration, the FO membrane bioreactor to pressure retarded osmosis. The prospects for these applications will be discussed.

「革新膜技術と統合膜システム：海水淡水化、金属回収、エネルギー生産」

エンリコ・ドリオリ教授　カラブリア大学（ITALY）

Today RO desalination emphasizes the success of membrane operations due to its higher recovery factor (around 40-50%) and lower cost with respect to thermal desalination technologies. However, for accomplishing the ambitious objective of reaching higher recovery factor (85-90%), conventional pressure driven membrane operations need to be combined with other innovative membrane processes (such as Membrane Distillation). Actual experimental data suggest that, if MD is operated on the RO retentate, the total amount of desalinated water represents almost 88% of the feed water. Additionally, the use of a Membrane Crystallization (an extension of MD concentration up to supersaturation) allows to extract not only the water but also the minerals contained in the brine streams (e.g., sodium, chlorine, magnesium, sulphate, calcium, potassium, bicarbonate, and eventually also lithium, bromine, etc. ) can be recovered as crystals.
Moreover, studies are in progress at ITM-CNR to develop hydrophobic membranes in membrane condenser configuration for the capture and recovery of the water evaporated from many industrial production processes and released in the atmosphere. The capture and recovery of this evaporated (waste)water can represent a real new source of drinkable water production. Preliminary results obtained simulating the dehydration of a flue gas stream confirmed the possibility of water condensation and removal with these systems. In fact, a 20% of the water contained in a flue gas (containing ca. 12% water at 50°C) can be recovered with a temperature reduction of only 3.5°C.

「先進膜技術と膜プロセスの動向」

ヨラム・コーヘン教授　カリフォルニア大学（USA）

Water desalination technologies have been gaining momentum for potable water production from seawater, brackish water, and water reuse application, including municipal and industrial wastewater as well as agricultural drainage (AD) water. This presentation will first provide a brief review of the major milestones in the development of water desalination technologies. While a range of desalination technologies will be mentioned, the focus of the presentation will be on reverse osmosis (RO) membrane desalination. The major operational (e.g., fouling and scaling, variable feed quality) and environmental issues will be discussed with respect to water sustainability and environmental compatibility of desalination technologies. Considerations of energy consumptions and possible new paths to reducing energy consumption will be discussed, as well as an assessment of new membrane materials and synthesis methods for improving membrane flux, rejection and fouling resistance. Also, the potential role of alternative desalination processes, currently at various research and demonstration stages will be discussed, in addition to assessment of research needs aimed at reducing the overall cost and environmental impact of water filtration and desalination.

Development of the Australian Desalination Industry in Response to Water Scarcity

Australia: Mr. Palmer, Neil (AWA)

Six large desalination plants were constructed in all mainland state capital cities in Australia in response to the millennium drought, the nation's worst, which lasted from 1997 until 2010. By 2012, around 35% of average annual urban water demand for the mainland state capitals will be able to be sourced from the sea.
The National Centre of Excellence in Desalination Australia (NCEDA) was established in 2009 with $20m of research funding over 5 years from the Australian Government's Water for the Future Initiative. Intended to lead research and build national capacity and capabilities in desalination, the Centre's vision for desalination is to promote "efficient and sustainable augmentation of traditional water sources to provide security against the natural variability of rainfall and potential future impact of climate change".
In looking to the future for security of supply in the face of population growth and diminishing water resources, Australia's urban water utilities in the past have tended to focus on use of voluntary and compulsory water restrictions, water saving devices, rainwater tanks, stormwater harvesting and wastewater reuse.
However, the advent of large scale seawater desalination has changed the fundamental model for urban water security and the NCEDA promotes the valid place of seawater desalination in integrated urban water management.

2011-2015-- The National Strategy of "12.5" Desalination and Water Reuse in China

China: Mr. Guo, Youzhi (CDA)

The first document of the Chinese Government focuses on water. This showed that China has realized the importance of water and has put it on the first place in China. Mr. Guo's presentation will relate to the main points of the first document, such as the strategic status of water in the new situation; the ideology, aim and basic principle for water conservancy; strengthen the construction of the water conservancy for agriculture; quicken the basic construction of water conservancy all over the country; establish the steady regular increasing investment for water conservancy; carry out the strictest water resource management institution; continuously innovate water conservancy development system and enhance the guidance for water conservancy.